Planning a Developmentally Appropriate Program for Children free essay sample

During preschool, kids experience structured time together that is both fun and educational. In our preschool they learn how to bond with their peers, follow directions and stick to a schedule; all skills that prepare them for school. For children with special needs, there are certain pre-school activities that work particularly well to keep them engaged, focused and actively learning. Here are two lessons that helps children with special needs, both in the classroom and at home, get the most out of their learning experiences. Sensory tables offer a wealth of benefits for children with special needs. We will write a custom essay sample on Planning a Developmentally Appropriate Program for Children or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Engaging in sensory experiences like running fingers through dried rice or pouring water can distract and calm a child who is feeling over-stimulated or anxious. It promotes self –discovery and encourages a child to explore new textures which in turn supports social and emotional development. The second lesson is light box its a fun and mesmerizing for all children, but it specifically helps to increase the attention spans of children with special needs. Children can spend hours with a light box, exercising their fine motor skills by creating illuminated patterns and pictures with brightly colored transparent shapes. Even better, this easy homemade version works great in a home or classroom. Be sure to have plenty of brightly colored transparent items on hand like decorating rocks, plastic blocks and even colored salt/sand.Keeping children healthy, nutritional and safety is one of the most important tasks for daycare center providers. Whether children are in the center- or home-based care, providers are responsible for ensuring safety both indoor and outdoor. It’s highly important to enhance this three things that are will help center to develop and maintain the daycare center and letting the child grow in an appropriate way to develop their skills and stay healthy.To help save our beautiful planet our center will communicate with parents via email. This will include daily newsletters, upcoming event, update and pictures of the children. Our main aim is to see success of our children as they blossom to be a beautiful educators and person.Inspired by the hope and dreams of our children.

Identification Of Homologous Of Known Food Allergens Biology Essay Essay Example

Identification Of Homologous Of Known Food Allergens Biology Essay Essay Example Identification Of Homologous Of Known Food Allergens Biology Essay Essay Identification Of Homologous Of Known Food Allergens Biology Essay Essay The cause of immune response in worlds is protein which is a nutrient allergen. The aim of this study is to find the utility of bioinformatics in designation of homologues of known nutrient allergens, such as major peanut allergen Ara h1. The allergen informations was identified from published diaries and from Medline and Embase databases. Those databases were combined with text word and MeSH header scheme. The study focussed on assorted, nutrient allergen databases and bioinformatics tools which are utile in the designation of possible nutrient allergens. The usage of bioinformatics tools is to compare the protein structures which are going more of import because more structural information is available in each twenty-four hours. The bioinformatics are used to look into the structural and functional relation between known nutrient allergens and those relationships can be used to place fresh nutrient allergens. Bioinformatics does non 100 % accurate on happening fresh allergens. Howe ver, with the usage of bioinformatics, cross-reaction between proteins analyzed and immunotherapy could be developed. The allergens are proteins which are immune to heat during cookery, acid in tummy and digestive enzymes. The allergen proteins can come in the blood stream and causes an immune response. Food allergic reaction is a hypersensitivity province. Contact with a nutrient allergen activates the plasma cell ( lymph cells ) which produces the allergen specific immunoglobin E ( IgE ) antibody. IgE molecules so attach to the surface of the mast cells. Mast cells are specialised which contains histamine and heparine. The binding of IgE to mast cells causes an immunological memory and when individual is exposed to the same allergen 2nd clip, the IgE antibodies presented on the surface of mast cells become activated releasing histamine which is responsible for the symptoms related to the nutrient allergic reaction ( Kindt, T.J. et Al, 2007 ) . The symptoms of allergic reaction occurred due to exposure with nutrient allergens are: itchiness, swelling of lips, coughing, runny nose besides the allerg ens can do asthma and can ensue in anaphylaxis which is a sudden bead in the blood force per unit area ( Bupa, 2008 ) . Food allergic reaction is one of the major increasing wellness jobs both in kids and in grownup. Some of the nutrient allergens are derived from ; peanuts, wheat, milk, eggs and soy. These allergens affect 8 % of babies and immature kids ( Samson, H. , 2005 ) . Harmonizing to the surveies of Jenkins et Al. ( 2005 ) ; Ferreira et Al. ( 2004 ) and Mari, A. ( 2001 ) , common antigenic determinants of different beginnings may ensue in clinical nutrient allergic reactions. For illustration ; Ara h1 is a major peanut allergen protein where its IgE reactive antigenic determinants from its peptide sequence was identified by Burks et Al. in 1997. Subsequently, comparing the IgE antigenic determinants of Ara h1 helped to place similar allergen antigenic determinants in other nutrients like tree nuts and leguminous plants ( Lopez-Torrejen, 2003 ) . Designation of similar allergenic antigenic determinants by comparing the possible allegens with known nutrient allergens is really of import beca use the allergens have conserved sequences within the antigenic determinants. For this ground, after the designation of reactive antigenic determinants, bioinformatics tools can be used to place other related proteins associated with similar reactive allergic reaction and to specify more specific interventions. For illustration, in the survey Bolhaar ( 2004 ) the patients with allergic syndrome to apples are besides sensitive to birch pollen. This is due to the similarity between Bet v1 allergen and the Mal d1 protein from apple. The specific immunotherapy incorporating Bet v1 infusions is able to diminish the sensitiveness of apple protein Mal d1. The purpose of this study is to place the allergenic nutrient homologues of allergenic proteins and comparing the protein sequences, antigenic determinants and construction of known allergens by utilizing bioinformatics tools. Methods The relevant nutrient allergic reaction surveies and nutrient allergen databases identified from Medline and Embase databases. Medline and Embase are bibliographic databases which contains over 16 million and 20 million diary articles severally. The database was combined with text word and MeSH heading hunt scheme. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez? db=mesh ) The text words were allergens , nutrient allergens and nutrient allergens databases . Besides, the hunt was supplemented by analyzing specific reappraisal articles and bibliographies. Further articles identified by utilizing retrieved articles. Table 1 shows the flow chart of the hunt scheme. Using this scheme, a entire figure of 34226 hits were obtained from allergens hunt standards. By seeking Food allergens 6085 hits were obtained when Allergen database was searched 196 hits were obtained. Food allergen database hunt standards produced 66 hits. The consequences were searched once more by excepting non-bioinformatics stuffs which was ended up with 14 relevant databases and 22 relevant articles. Table: 1 Flow chart of hunt scheme. Allergens: Entire hits 34226 Food allergens: Entire hits 6085 Allergens databases: Entire hits 196 Food allergens databases: Hits 66 Databases with relevant result: 14 Articles with relevant informations: 22 Consequences Allergen Databases There were14 databases identified which contains sequences and information about the allergenic proteins. Table 2 shows these databases. Table: 2 Website name Web-site nexus Information available All Allergy hypertext transfer protocol: //allallergy.net/ Genbank accession Numberss of allergens IUIS hypertext transfer protocol: //www.allergen.org Genbank accession Numberss of allergens Allergome hypertext transfer protocol: //www.allergome.org Name callings of allergens, and links to PubMed A ; sequence databases CSL hypertext transfer protocol: //www.csl.gov.uk/allergen/ index.htm Name callings of nutrient allergens with links to Genbank NCF hypertext transfer protocol: //www.iit.edu/~sgendel/fa.htm Name callings of nutrient allergens with links to Genbank S.t.p. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ifrn.bbsrc.ac.uk/protall/ Biochemical, structural, and clinical informations InformAll hypertext transfer protocol: //foodallergens.ifr.ac.uk/ Food allergens, antigenic determinants, sequences, links to literature FARRP hypertext transfer protocol: //allergenonline.com/asp/public/login.asp Allergens, sequence links to Genbank, and a FASTA hunt ADFS hypertext transfer protocol: //allergen.nihs.go.jp/ADFS/ Allergen sequences, WHO allergenicity regulations utilizing FASTA SDAP hypertext transfer protocol: //fermi.utmb.edu/SDAP Allergens sequences, protein type, IgE epitopes aggregation, tools for sequence and antigenic determinant comparing ALLERDB hypertext transfer protocol: //sdmc.i2r.a-star.edu.sg/Templar/ DB/Allergen Allergens, a BLAST hunt, and implements the WHO allergenicity regulations WebAllergen hypertext transfer protocol: //weballergen.bii.a-star.edu.sg/ Potential allergenicity of proteins utilizing motives found by a ripple algorithm AlgPred hypertext transfer protocol: //www.imtech.res.in/raghava/algpred Predicts allergenicity with MEME/MAST motives Allermatch www.allermatch.org/ WHO allergenicity regulations utilizing FASTA Table 2 shows the name and nexus of allergen databases besides, bioinformatics tools to find allergenicity. These databases give indicant of allergenic protein. For illustration International Union of Immunological Societies ( IUIS ) contains the names, genbank accession figure and information of allergens. Most of these databases do non hold cross database for cross indexing could be Allergome. It contains allergenic, clinical, biological and structural informations. The Allergome database has no bioinformatics tool but contains allergen MEME sequence motives which are strongly related with allergen. Swiss Prot, PIR, and Genbank contain protein sequences where CSL and Biotechnology Information for Food Safety databases use those sequences to supply list of allergens. Some databases provides direct comparing of allergen sequences by bioinformatics tools and permit the usage of WHO guidelines for foretelling allerginity ( WHO 2001 ) .On the other manus some databases such as FARRP and ADFS enable to seek lists of allergens, protein sequences and a FASTA hunt for related sequences. ALLERDB database contains allergen sequences and BLAST hunt can place the sequence similarities. SDAP Database SDAP ( Structural Database of Allergenic Proteins ) ( hypertext transfer protocol: //fermi.utmb.edu/SDAP ) is one of the biggest nutrient allergen databases. The difference of SDAP database from other databases is, it uses bioinformatics tools to compare allergenic proteins. Some bioinformatics tools enable to compare protein sequences to place allergens due to similar IgE antigenic determinants of the known allergen and proteins ( Schein, 2005 ) . By utilizing SDAP hunt in allergenic proteins, fresh allergenic proteins could be identified. The hunt is rapid and it depends on the sequence similarities, 3D construction and known allergenic antigenic determinants. SDAP database compare the allergen sequences in different methods. The in-house bioinformatics method provides designation of the sequence similarities and links to other big databases ( Swiss Prot and Gen bank ) . By utilizing BLAST and FASTA protein hunt tools, resemblances of the amino acerb sequences of the allergens could was determined. Besides, Pfam grouping is available for the allergens in SDAP which identifies the protein similarities. Bioinformatics tools identify the related IgE antigenic determinants, in this manner the user map the IgE incorporating peptides onto 3D theoretical accounts of allergens. SDAP besides contains IgE adhering antigenic determinants of the allergenic proteins. The antigenic determinant sequences identified by in vivo binding experiments which is adhering of the short peptide sequences to solid stage. The edge peptides assumed to be antigenic determinants ( Li,2003 ) . SDAP database includes information about IgE antigenic determinants of some allergens such as ; peanut ( Ara h1, Ara h 2, Ara h 3 ) , hen egg ( Gal d 1 ) , Polygonum fagopyrum ( Fag e 1 ) , English walnut ( Jug r 1 ) , soya bean ( Glym glycinin G1 and G2 ) , shrimp ( write a 1, pen i 1 ) etc. Comparing Allergenic Protein Sequences Using FASTA Tool The similarity between protein sequences and other allergen sequences might do cross-reacting. This similarity can be identified by the usage of the bioinformatics tool FASTA ( Pearson, 1990 ) . A FASTA tally for sequences consequence in an end product which shows the similar allergens in SDAP including their E-value . Table 3 shows the FASTA hunt in SDAP database Jun a 3 allergenic protein sequence was used. E-value is the statistical significance of the lucifer hit and it shows how many lucifers expected to happen indiscriminately utilizing the same sequence in a database of a given size. Lower the E-value, higher the lucifer. Harmonizing to the tabular array 3, Cup a 3 is the most similar allergen to Jun a 3. Cup a 3 is cypress tree allergen. The tabular array 3 besides shows several vegetable and fruit allergens. Based on the FASTA alliance, individual with a cedar pollen allergic reaction may develop allergenic symptoms due to ingestion of apples or cherries ( Breiteneder and Millis, 2005 ) . Table:3 FASTA hunt utilizing the Jun a 3 protein Number Allergen Sequence Beginning Sequence Length spot mark Tocopherol mark 1 Jun a 3 P81295 cedar pollen 225 311.0 1.0e-86 2 Cup a 3 CAC05258 cypress 199 272.9 2.7e-75 3 Cap a 1w CAC34055 bell Piper nigrum 246 167.5 1.7e-43 4 Lyc vitamin E NP24 P12670 tomato 247 161.2 1.4e-41 5 Cap a 1 AAG34078 bll Piper nigrum 180 136.2 3.4e-34 6 Mal d 2 CAC10270 apple 246 77.0 3.0e-16 7 Pru av 2 P50694 cherry 245 75.1 1.2e-15 8 Act c 2 P81370 Chinese gooseberry 29 36.0 7.9e-05 Table 3 shows FASTA end product in SDAP. Jun a 3 used as an allergen. The consequences show Jun a 3 proteins. They are aligned harmonizing to low E-scores . Pfam Families Pfam is a protein database ( hypertext transfer protocol: //pfam.sanger.ac.uk ) . Protein households are represented harmonizing to multiple sequence alliances and Hidden Markov Models ( HMMs ) . The protein map is identified by active spheres and the interaction of spheres. Active spheres are in the protein that means by placing the active domains the maps of the protein can be understood. The Pfam database is held at: Wellcome Trust Sanger in UK, Howard Hughes Janelia Farm Research Campus in USA and Stockholm Bioinformatics Centre in Sweden. Two entries of Pfam are ; Pfam-A and Pfam-B. Pfam-A contains protein households and Pfam-B contains extra database which can be used in the designation of conserved parts when no lucifer observed from Pfam-A. Consorting different types of allergens into Pfam group is of import because in this manner the individuality of similar proteins with different names can be determined. Besides, Pfam information specifies the functional similarities of the proteins ( Schein et al. , 2006 ) . Entries into SDAP database are assorted into suited Pfam group and the similar allergens to other proteins identified in the Pfam mixture. Table 4 shows 18 common allergenic Pfam households. The widest allergen household is PF00234 which is protease inhibitor/ seed storage/ LTP household incorporating 34 allergens. Novel allergens might be introduced to an bing Pfam household or they might be introduced into a new Pfam household harmonizing to their multiple sequence alliance and HMM profile. Family name Pfam codification Number of Allergens LTP family/Protease inhibitor/seed storage PF00234 34 Profilin PF00235 27 EF manus PF00036 23 Pollen allergen PF01357 20 SCP-like extracellular protein PF00188 19 Bet V I household ( Pathogenesis-related protein ) PF00407 16 Cupin PF00190 15 Tropomyosin PF00261 15 Lipocalin /cytosolic fatty-acid binding protein household PF00061 12 Rare lipoprotein A ( RlpA ) -like double-psi beta-barrel PF03330 12 Globin PF00042 9 Pectate lyase PF00544 9 Papain household cysteine peptidase PF00112 8 60s Acidic ribosomal protein PF00428 8 Subtilase household PF00082 7 Thaumatin household PF00314 7 Pollen proteins Ole vitamin E I household PF01190 7 Ribonuclease ( pollen allergen ) PF01620 7 Table 4 shows Pfam-A allergen households from SDAP. Discussion The cross-reactive proteins have similar sequence and construction but they differ in their beginning. Pfam group has a restriction because it contains both allergenic and non-allergenic proteins together therefore it is hard to choose allergenic proteins from the others. The cross-reactive allergens in the WHO counsel shows deficient sequence individuality ( 35 % ) ( WHO guidelines ) . On the other manus, the IgE binding belongingss reduced due to protein mutants ( de Leon et al. , 2003 ) . For illustration Bet v 1 protein which has 98 % sequence individuality do non cross-react ( Hartl et al. , 1999 ) . Some bioinformatics tools recognise whether the protein is allergenic or non due to allergenic motives. For illustration Web Allergen determines the poteintial allergenic motives ( Riaz et al. , 2005 ) . The IgE binding sites of the possible allergenic motive must be proved to verify the allergen. AlgPred ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.imtech.res.in/raghava/algpred/ ) gets aid of BLAST hunt and support vector machines ( SVM ) to place the allergenic antigenic determinant motives. Besides, it permits MEME/MAST allergenic motives hunt. The MAST has ability to turn up the IgE binding sites on the protein. AlgPred gives chance to find allergens utilizing combination of SVM, BLAST, MAST and IgE antigenic determinant. Harmonizing to the Schein et Al. ( 2006 ) there are some jobs in separating whether the tropomyosins are allergenic or non-allergenic because of their similar sequences. Some studies have evidenced the protein allergenicity by utilizing bioinformatics and experimental processs. Motifs are sequences where the sequences are conserved in related proteins. IgE binding is characterized by conserved sequence motive in allergenic proteins ( Brusic and Petrovsky, 2003 ) . Decision The nutrient allergens cause an immune response in worlds. Some isoforms of the nutrient allergens where point mutant occurred does non demo allergenic belongingss. The usage of bioinformatics tools is to compare the protein structures which are going more of import because more structural information is available in each twenty-four hours. The study focused on some of the hunt tools used in bioinformatics which can be used to look into the structural and functional relationship between known allergens. Those relationships can be used to place possible novel allergens. Bioinformatics does non 100 % accurate on happening fresh allergens. However, with the usage of bioinformatics, cross-reaction between proteins analyzed and immunotherapy could be developed ( Shein et al. , 2006 ) .

Kant theory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Kant theory - Assignment Example Kant belonged to a family background that was following the movement of pietism and he was even subjected to attend pietist school (Rohlf 1). During his school life he was educated to believe in the external forces that control human behavior or future. These schools were trying to make people believe that they should rely on the help of divine and should seek help from them. But Kant was not ready to accept these teachings and he believed the human beings and their behaviors are a result of the independence they have in decision making and their ability to think in a rational manner. Kant’s ethical theory of categorical imperative states that ethical decisions are those which have been made on the basis of the maxim (reason) that the individual taking that particular action or decision for another individual is even ready to accept the same decision or action being carried out against themselves when they are facing a similar situation or any other situation. Kant’s theory of categorical imperative is highly applicable in real world situations because human beings are rational decision makers and they may use the categorical imperative theory to decide what is wrong and what is right (Fieser 1). One of the criticisms of Kant’s theory has been provided by Hegel who believes that Kant’s theory is simply not applicable in the real world. He states that the problem with Kant’s theory is that it does not provides a clear guideline for identifying whether and individual had actually indulged in moral decision making (Schopenhauer X). Another problem with Kant’s theory is that the theory does not even help in clearly identifying behaviors and decisions that are moral or immoral. Furthermore Schopenhauer believes that Kant’s theory is incorrect because following his theory people will be involved in making decisions based on ego and not on the basis of sympathy. He states that thinking in a sympathetic manner is the main force that

How Technology Has Revolutionized Business In A Positive Way Research Paper

How Technology Has Revolutionized Business In A Positive Way - Research Paper Example Hence, no wonder the food industry, which is in a way an important aspect of the national economy remained vulnerable to supply, demand and price fluctuations. Practically speaking, it was not possible for the companies to gather process and analyze data in a manner that allowed for a realistic estimation and planning of the coming uncertainties. Hence, for a burger chain operating in New York, it was impossible to estimate that a fall in production in the local beef markets could be managed by procuring additional beef stocks from Latin American farms. There existed no mechanism that allowed for the collection and processing of the required information at a centralized facility. It would not be wrong to say that fast food chains like McDonalds or retailers like Walmart would have never been able to register such an impressive global presence, had it not been for the available technological innovations. Technology has made it possible for the American food producers, vendors, and pro cessors to benefit from the economies of scale resulting from the technology enabled centralized purchasing (Schlosser 5). Technologies like high-speed internet, organizational intranets, data storage devices, data analysis software, IT based supply chain management has enabled food suppliers and procurers to make the best business decisions based on a knowledge of the price and availability of the food items all over the world (Schlosser 218). The businesses today are not under the compulsion to be at the mercy of the local producers.

Superannuation Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Superannuation Australia - Essay Example One of the key features that MySuper offers is easily comparable fees structure that has a list of allowable forms of fees (Patrick, 2004). In addition, the fees that a member of MySuper is charged are limited. Some of the major fees that are involved include administration fee, investment fee, and other types of fees including exit fees, investment switching and contribution splitting. MySuper products offers total & permanent disability (TPD) insurance that is of standard and default in nature. This implies that the members will have the opportunity to decrease or increase their insurance cover without leaving the MySuper product. Upon joining, members of MySuper product will automatically receive a prescribed level of insurance (Mansell and Wehn, 1998). Similarly, individuals who decide to opt out of the insurance cover will no longer pay the insurance premium. In its effort to attain an economic growth that is based on extensive investment, the Australian government introduced a lifecycle investment option as a default to MySuper product. One of the major aspects of the lifecycle investment option is that it allows the trustees to move members into another investment mix in an automatic manner. Some of the factors that are considered during moving of members include age, time, gender and retirement among others (Bill, 2013). Through the Trustee Tailored Superannuation, new inventive lifecycle methods have now been introduced thus ensuring that member’s income is properly invested. Another notable feature that is found in the MySuper product is disclosure. This implies that the extent of trustee disclosure depending with the fees, investment allocation as well as investment performance will be higher. As a result, the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA) will be in a position to compare data that is related to long-term net return thus

Treasure Found in Land Law Problem Question

Treasure Found in Land Law Problem Question Craig In regards to the items found by Craig, assuming they are not classified as treasure using the Treasure Act 1996, it can be suggested that Craig does not have the right of ownership of the items and must return them to Sarah and Tony. This is because he has found them during the course of his employment. Craig has worked at the Manor Farm for many years which is owned by Sarah and Tony. This suggests that he is an employee of Sarah and Tony. The rule is that if items are found during the course of employment, they belong to the employer, as seen in South Staffordshire Water Company v Sharman, where because the employees found the rings during the course of their employment, (they were employed to clean the pool and the rings were found whilst they did so) they belonged to the landowner[1]. Donaldson LJ reinforces this rule in Parker v British Airways Board where he states that an employee who finds an item during the course of his employment finds that item on behalf of his employer[ 2]. What this shows is that unless there is a term in the contract of employment which allows the employee to keep items found during the course of their employment, or the employee finds the items outside the course of their employment, the items belong to the employer. Applying this rule to Craig, he found the items whilst ploughing one of the larger fields of Manor Farm. Although Craigs job description is not stated, one can assume that he found the items during the course of his employment. If ploughing is not stated in his job description, then Craig can keep the items as he would be working outside the course of his employment, Also, if it is stipulated in the terms of Craigs contract that he can keep items found during employment, then he can keep the items. If this is not the case, the items will belong to Sarah and Tony as employers and landowners. The reason why the items cannot be said to belong to the true owner is because the law assumes that items found in land belong to the owner of the land, whereas items found on land belong to the true owner. Here, the items were found in land as Craig discovered them whilst ploughing. This is seen in Waverley Borough Council v Fletcher, where Auld LJ stated that when it comes to items in the ground, the original owner is unlikely to be found, thus the law looks for a substitute owner, which is the owner of the land where the item is found[3]. Treasure: If the items found by Craig are considered treasure under the 1996 Treasure Act, Craig alongside Sarah and Tony may receive compensation. However, this is at the discretion of the Secretary of State[4]. To determine whether the items found by Craig can be considered as treasure, one must look to the criteria set out in the Treasure Act 1996. In regards to the coins, it can be argued that they can be considered as treasure. This is because Craig found numerous coins. This could mean that there are at least two coins or ten or more coins[5]. If the coins fall into the former, they will need to have precious metal on them[6] (gold or silver[7]). If they do not, they can still be classified as treasure if they fall under the latter. As they appear to be very old, they could be at least 300 years old[8]. If this is not the case, then the coins cannot be classified as treasure. If it is the case, then Craig could be able to be reimbursed at the Secretary of States discretion for finding th e coins. Although the cup found by Craig is decorated with intricate pattern, suggesting that it is very old and valuable, it is ambiguous as to what metal the cup is made of. If it is made of precious metal[9], then it can be classified as treasure. However, if not, then it is not treasure. Yet, because the cup was found in the same find as the coins[10], it can be classified as treasure.   The same can be said for the pottery vase which prima facie can be said to not fall under the definition of treasure as it does not have any precious metal on it[11]. Nevertheless, as it was found in the same find as the coins and cup, it can be considered as treasure. Assuming all these items are classified as treasure, the onus is on Craig to contact the Coroner within 14 days to notify him of the items found, otherwise he will be fined[12]. The reason why it is Craigs responsibility and not Sarah and Tony is because Craig decided to put the items in his bag and take it to his cottage. He did not inform Sarah and Tony about the items. Donald In regards to the diamond ring found by Donald, it is unclear whether he has the right to keep the ring or not. Although Donald is a guest at the farm, it is not clear whether the area where he found the diamond ring was a public or private area as guests are not usually allowed access to the working areas of the farm. Applying the principle in Bridges v Hawkesworth where it was stated that the parcel which contained notes were found in the public part of the shop and as such the notes were never in the custody of the shopkeeper[13], if Donald found the ring in a private area, he will not be entitled to keep the diamond ring, and must hand it over to Sarah and Tony as it can be said that they have custody of it. However, if the diamond ring was found in an area which Donald had access to, it can be argued that he has a right to the diamond ring due to the rule of finders keepers established in Armory v Delamirie where it was held that though the plaintiff did not have an absolute right of ownership by finding the jewel, he was entitled to keep the jewel unless the true owner claimed it[14]. Similarly, it can be argued that Donald has the right to keep the diamond ring unless the true owner can be found. Using Donaldson LJ rules on the rights and obligations of a finder in Parker v British Airways Board, Donald is under an obligation to take all necessary measures to find the true owner of the[15] diamond ring. As he has not done so (he decides to keep it and give it to his girlfriend), it can be said that he does not have rights to the diamond ring. Also, using Parker v British Airways Board, it can be stated that Sarah and Tony may have a right of ownership to the diamond ring. They would h ave to show that they manifested an intention to exercise control over the area the diamond ring was found[16]. Yet, this principle is quite ambiguous. How does one manifest an intention to exercise control of an area? A test to suggest an intention to exercise control was not formulated in Parker v British Airways Board. Perhaps one can use the factor Donaldson LJ used in this case, which is that British Airways should have had a policy on lost and found items which was available to the public[17]. Similarly, it can be stated that perhaps Sarah and Tony must showcase that they have a policy on lost and found objects which is available to the public to prove that they had manifested an intention to exercise control over the area the diamond ring was found. Nonetheless, as stated by Bray, Donaldson LJ concept of control is harsh as it leaves some doubt in the law as to what exactly a landowner must do to manifest an intention to control the land[18]. This would mean that if Sarah and Tony do not have a policy that is available to the public, Donald can keep the diamond ring provided he has tried to find the true owner. Assuming the diamond ring was found in an area which Donald can access, there is a problem posed as it is ambiguous as to if the diamond ring was found in or on land. This is because it was buried in some long grass. As stated by Stevens, the law is unclear in this area[19]. The distinction is important to make as it will determine who has the better right of ownership to the diamond ring. If the diamond ring can be said to be found on land, then Donald is entitled to the diamond ring if he has tried to find the true owner. If it was found in land, then Sarah and Tony will be entitled to the diamond ring as it is assumed that things found in land belong to the owner of the land. Another reason why Sarah and Tony may be entitled to the diamond ring if it was found in land is because Donalds status would have changed to that of a trespasser as he had to reach into the ground to pick up the diamond ring- he has gone beyond his authorisation as a guest. However, it can be argued using th e reasoning of Auld LJ in Waverley Borough Council v Fletcher that Donald is not a trespasser and that the diamond ring was found on land. This is because picking up the diamond ring might not have interfered with the land or damaged it[20]. Yet, it can be argued that because the diamond ring was buried in some long grass, damage might have been done as perhaps Donald would have had to pull the grass from the roots to retrieve it. If it is the latter, Donald is a trespasser and has exceeded his licence on the land. If it is the former, Donald can keep the ring, provided he has tried to find the true owner. Treasure: The diamond ring is not treasure as it does not fit the definitions given in the Treasure Act 1996. The age of the ring is not told, it is not made of precious metal (gold or silver), neither was it found alongside any item that can be defined as treasure[21]. Thus, the diamond ring cannot be classified as treasure. Eric In regards to the  £50 note found by Eric, it can be argued that Eric has a right of ownership to the money (provided he tries to find the true owner). As Eric was in the garden on the day that it was opened to the public, it can be said that he found the money in the public part of the farm. This can be seen in Bridges v Hawkesworth where it was stated that the notes were dropped in the public part of the shop and as such they were never in the custody of the shopkeeper[22]. Likewise, it can be said that Sarah and Tony were never in custody of the  £50 note as it was found in a public part. Also, one can argue that the  £50 note could go unnoticed until someone saw it. However, using Parker v British Airways Board, it can be said that Sarah and Tony may have a right of ownership to the  £50 note. They would have to show that they manifested an intention to exercise control over the area the  £50 was found. This could be done by them showcasing that they have a policy on lo st and found items which is available to the public. If they do not have such a policy, Eric can keep the  £50 note, provided he tries to find the true owner. Conclusion Craig does not have a right to ownership of the items which he found as they were found during the course of his employment. It can be said that these items are treasure so he would have to notify the coroner of his finds. Donald, depending on whether he has access to the area the diamond ring was found may have a right of ownership, but he must try to find the true owner of the diamond ring. Eric is entitled to keep the  £50 note, provided Sarah and Tony have not manifested an intention to exercise control of the area he found it on. [1] [1896] 2 QB 44 [2] [1982] QB 1004, 1017 [3] 1996] QB 334, 344 [4] Treasure Act 1996, s 10(3) [5] ibid s1(1)(a)(ii) and (iii) [6] ibid s1(1)(a)(ii) [7] ibid s3(3) [8] ibid (n 5) [9] Treasure (n 4) s1(1)(a)(i) [10] ibid s1(1)(d)(i) [11] Treasure (n 9) [12] ibid s8(1) and (3)(a)-(c) [13] (1851) 21 LJQB 75 [14] (1722) 1 Str 505 KB, [1] (Pratt CJ) [15] ibid (n 2) 10 [16] ibid [17] ibid (n 2) 1019 (Donaldson LJ) [18] Judith Bray, The law on treasure from a land lawyers perspective [2013] Conv 265, 267 [19] John Stevens, Finders weepers- landowners keepers'[1996] Conv 216, 219 [20] ibid (n 3) [21] Treasure (n 4) s1 [22] ibid(n 13)

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The Evolution of Warrantless Searches With Alcohol, Blood, And DNA With the creation of the First Congress, framers manifested the Fourth Amendment to provide sufficient privacy standards for the citizens of the United States of America. Framers upheld the 4th Amendment to sustain a functioning government-governed relationship, where officials respect individuals’ privacy and rights. During the First Congress, framers explicitly granted, â€Å"the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized† to the citizens. Moreover, courts have delineated two major clauses from the primary text of the Amendment. The first clause essentially protects the privacy of an individual to be safe in person. The immediate second clause introduces a circumstance which warrants are non-essential. Furthermore, both the expectation of privacy and certain circumstances to preserve government interests have collectively emerged from the two clauses. Consequently throughout court cases in the U.S, the protections of the Fourth Amendment have resulted in disagreement explicitly concerning searches violating a person’s privacy and reasonable searches for where no warrants are required. Recently, blood and DNA extractions embody an indispensable role in modern law enforcement. The advent of blood, DNA, and other technologies are now the most significant scientific advancements in the modern era. Since the first use of forensic DNA identification in 1986, DNA’s role in ... ...forcement has utilized blood and DNA tests to exonerate suspects convicted of crimes and guide officials to convict other suspects. Furthermore, in effect of the Supreme Court cases, blood and DNA tests now promote a superior justice system more effectively and efficiently. The recent cases, which have provided many exigent circumstances where warrants are not essential for a search, have developed excelling tactics and procedures to ensure the integrity of modern law enforcement. After these cases, lower courts and law enforcement teams are now able to act quicker and responsively to enforce governmental interests. In conclusion, the trials Samson v. California, Missouri v. McNeely, and Maryland v. King have established clear boundaries for 4th Amendment and they have facilitated the advancement of efficient and applicative technology in modern law enforcement.